Tetanus: review of current guidelines on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, intensive care wartime and peacetime

Authors

  • L.A. Maltseva SI “Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine”, Dnipro, Ukraine
  • N.F. Mosentsev SI “Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine”, Dnipro, Ukraine
  • I.A. Maltsev SI “Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine”, Dnipro, Ukraine
  • E.A. Mishchenko SI “Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine”, Dnipro, Ukraine

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.3.82.2017.102329

Keywords:

tetanus, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diag­nosis, therapy, prognosis, review

Abstract

The article presents an overview of current data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, intensive care of tetanus. It is noted that the largest prevalence of tetanus disease is in wartime. However, even in peacetime, tetanus often kills about 160000 people in the world daily. In developed countries, tetanus is rare as a result of the introduction of effective immunization programs. The part of the etiology, pathogenesis presents the data on the biochemistry of tetanolisin and tetanospasmin, gives the definition of autonomic dysfunction. The paper considers the classification of tetanus severity (Ablett), tetanus diagnostic tests (Tetanus Outbreak Control Guidelines February 2014) as follows: 1) the level of serum tetanus antibodies is determined prior to the introduction of tetanus toxoid or immunoglobulin, but the disease can develop at the ‘protective’ level of antibodies (‘protection’ titre); 2) the diagnosis of tetanus is exposed on the basis of clinical and epidemiological data; 3) human immunoglobulin contains tetanus antitoxin and can be used if tetanus immunoglobulin is not available. The article shows recommendations for intensive therapy of tetanus, which is graded as severe (grade 1) and mild (grade 2) by the GRADE system. Grade 1 includes the following items: 1) patients with tetanus moderate to severe are recommended to be hospitalized and treated in the Intensive Care Unit; 2) early passive immunization with human tetanus immunoglobulin (or PPP); 3) administration of antibiotics active against Slostridium tetani. Grade 2 includes the following as: 1) do not use the advisability peritraumatic and intrathecal immunoglobulin; 2) debridement within 1–6 hours after immunoglobulin; 3) imposition of tracheostomy within the first 24 hours after intubation in patients requiring restrictive support; 4) control AVL mode in volume and pressure; 5) the use of muscle relaxants with the ineffectiveness of other anticonvulsants; 6) the use of opioids with a central α-agoistami and/or propofol; 7) monitoring of creatinine phosphokinase levels to assess the effectiveness of anticonvulsant therapy. The prediction of disease outcome is consistent with a Control Guideline for Public Health Units in 2012 and is based on the epidemic parameters, the incubation period duration, prodromal period duration.

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Published

2022-01-27

How to Cite

Maltseva, L., Mosentsev, N., Maltsev, I., & Mishchenko, E. (2022). Tetanus: review of current guidelines on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, intensive care wartime and peacetime. EMERGENCY MEDICINE, (3.82), 86–91. https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.3.82.2017.102329

Issue

Section

Scientific Review

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